Beetroot+Cells+Report

15 Feb Exploration 4A- Beetroot Cells  To explore the factors which affect the movement of materials in and out of the cells   || 1 || Effect of temperature on rate of diffusion of red pigment from the beet root cell to its surrounding  (Compare between Tube A and D)  || The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.  70% of the plasma membrane of beetroot cells is made of protein. Proteins are formed of coiled and folded strings of amini acids that are held together by hydrogen bonds. Heating increases the kinetic energy of the molecules in the plasma membrane, thereby causing the bonds to break apart, resulting in the formation of holes in the plasma membrane. This makes it susceptible for the red pigment (betalain) to leak out of the vacuole, into the surrounding liquid.  || 2 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Effect of alcohol on rate of diffusion of red pigment from the beet root cell to its surrounding <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Compare between Tube A, B and C) <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The greater the amount of alcohol, the faster the rate of diffusion. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The presence of alcohol will break the structure between the phospholipids and destroys the proteins in the plasma membrane. This makes it susceptible for the red pigment (betalain) to leak out of the vacuole, into the surrounding liquid. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Effect of surface area of beet root on rate of diffusion of red pigment from the beet root cell to its surrounding <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Compare between Tube A and E) <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">With a greater surface area, there is a greater area of betalain is in contact with the surroundings, increasing the concentration gradient, forcing a greater amount of betalain to diffuse out of the cell. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Table 1: Predictions on beetroot and liquid after 15min in their respective tubes <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Turgid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Remains colourless || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Relatively flaccid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Light shade of pink || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Flaccid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Quite pink || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very soft and flaccid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pinkish-red || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">E || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very turgid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Remains colourless || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Table 2: Qualitative observations on beetroot and liquid after 15min in their respective tubes <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very turgid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Remained colourless || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Relatively flaccid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Slightly pinkish || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very soft and flaccid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dark pinkish/ red || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Relatively flaccid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Slightly pinkish || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">E || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Very turgid || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Remained colourless || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Table 3: Luminous intensity of liquid after 15min <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.82 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">95.8 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.65 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.62 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.62 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.62 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.59 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.62 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.62 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.56 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.59 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.59 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">87.6 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.82 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.76 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.79 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">30.8 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">D || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.29 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.23 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.29 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.26 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">83.3 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">E || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.83 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.89 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.86 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.86 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.86 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.83 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.83 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.86 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.86 <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.83 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">91.9 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube A <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[Effect of temperature on rate of diffusion of red pigment from the beet root cell to its surrounding] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Compare between Tube A and D) <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube A, which contains water at room temperature, has a luminous intensity of 95.8% while Tube D, which contains hot water (90-100oC), has a luminous intensity of 83.3%. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The tube with a lower luminous intensity shows that lesser light is able to pass through, implying that the presence of betalain is greater. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">70% of the plasma membrane of beetroot cells is made of protein. Proteins are formed of coiled and folded strings of amini acids that are held together by hydrogen bonds. Heating increases the kinetic energy of the molecules in the plasma membrane, thereby causing the bonds to break apart, resulting in the formation of holes in the plasma membrane. This makes it susceptible for the red pigment (betalain) to leak out of the vacuole, into the surrounding liquid. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Therefore, the high temperature of the hot water is so hot that the bonds of the protein in the cell membrane is broken, resulting in the leakage of betalain. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amount of alcohol <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[Effect of alcohol on rate of diffusion of red pigment from the beet root cell to its surrounding] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Compare between Tube A, B and C) <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube A, which contains 0% alcohol, has a luminous intensity of 95.8%. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube B, which contains 25% alcohol, has a luminous intensity of 87.6%. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube C, which contains 50% alcohol, has a luminous intensity of 30.79%. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The tube with a lower luminous intensity shows that lesser light is able to pass through, implying that the presence of betalain is greater. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The greater the amount of alcohol, the faster the rate of diffusion. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The presence of alcohol will break the structure between the phospholipids and destroys the proteins in the plasma membrane. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Since there is a greatest amount of alcohol in Tube C, the solution turned the darkest, as more red pigment (betalain) leaked out of the vacuole, into the surrounding liquid, as compared to the other tubes. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3 || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amount of surface area <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[Effect of surface area of beet root on rate of diffusion of red pigment from the beet root cell to its surrounding] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Compare between Tube A and E) <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube A, which contains beetroot of smaller surface area, has a luminous intensity of 95.8% while Tube E, which contains beetroot of larger surface area, has a luminous intensity of 91.9%. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The tube with a lower luminous intensity shows that lesser light is able to pass through, implying that the presence of betalain is greater. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">With a greater surface area, there is a greater area of betalain in contact with the surroundings, increasing the concentration gradient, forcing a greater amount of betalain to diffuse out of the cell. || <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">To ensure that there is no betalain that is already outside of the beetroot cell, so that it would be certain that all betalain found in the water is a product of diffusion. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rinse the beetroot discs and pieces until water is colourless so that excess betalain that leaked out due to damage caused by the knife will not affect the results <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ensured that the testtubes are shaken well enough so that there is a homogenous solution in the tube <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ensured that sides of the cuvette is dry before inserting into the colourimeter <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">When handling the cuvette, touch the ridge of it only <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Effect of organic solvents like ethanol, detergent and acetone on the beetroot cells. This breaks the structure between the phospholipids and destroys the proteins in the plasma membrane. <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Effect of Temperature on the Cell Membrane of Beetroot Cells [] <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Why and how do certain pH ranges affect the beetroot cell membrane? <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[]
 * __<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aim: __**
 * __<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hypothesis: __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">With regards to… ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hypothesis and reason ** ||
 * __<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Prediction: __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube ** ||||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Prediction ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Beetroot ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquid ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Beetroot ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquid ** ||
 * __<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Results __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube ** ||||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Observation (at 15 min) ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Beetroot ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquid ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Beetroot ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquid ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tube ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luminous intensity/ % ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Average luminous intensity/ % (to 3 s.f.) ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Average luminous intensity/ % (to 3 s.f.) ** ||
 * __<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Discussion __**
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Question 1: What was the control in this activity? **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Questions 2, 5 and 6: **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">How do you analyse the results of this experiment one variable at a time? **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Does alcohol have an effect on beetroot cell membranes? Was the concentration of alcohol a factor too? Suggest an explanation for your observations. **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Suggest an explanation for the Observations of Tube D and E too. **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Variable ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Observation ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Trend and reason ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Question 3: **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Why was it necessary to wash the beetroot slices thoroughly before using them in this exploration? **<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Question 4: **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The main source of error in any biological experiment is usually the natural variation of living things. What did you do to ensure that this variation was minimized? **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Question 7: **
 * <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">What are factors can you think of that would affect the leaking of pigment out of the beetroot cells? **
 * __<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">References: __**